Many of my students have difficulties telling stories. When looking at a book together, even books they love and have seen many times, they often struggle to understand what they are reading and cannot therefore retell the story in any sequence. A great method I often use with those students is called Colourful Semantics.
What is Colourful Semantics?
Colourful Semantics is an approach aimed at helping children develop grammar and meaning of phrases and sentences. We help children identify WHO is the subject in a story, what is he/she/it DOING to WHAT and WHERE. There are lots of colour coded stages but we tend to start with the basic 4:
WHO = ORANGE
DOING = YELLOW
WHAT = GREEN
WHERE = BLUE
Once a student is accomplished at this level, we move on to different colour codes for describing words (adjectives), connecting words (with/together/and/therefore) feeling words (PINK), timing words (BROWN) eg. when, tomorrow, last week etc.
Colourful Semantics is a really useful method and helps children to organise their sentences. It also helps me knowing how to guide a student in thinking about the story.
The approach can be used with children with a range of Speech and Language Needs, such as:
Developmental Delay / Disorder
Autistic Spectrum Condition
Down Syndrome
Any other syndromes and related speech and language delays
General Literacy difficulties
There are a wide range of benefits to using this approach and I use it in my therapeutic work with children of around 3 years plus. Below is a little video which shows how I use it with this student who has general language difficulties associated with Autism. One of the main benefits with this student is that seeing the Cue Cards helps her to use a much wider range of vocabulary than she would ordinarily generate. Her sentences are getting longer and she is more able to answer questions. In general, I find it useful to help with storytelling and to guide us through the story in a sequence.
There are many on-line games these days that have incorporated the Colourful Semantics Approach. Once a child is familiar with the basic colour scheme then gradually the visual prompts can be reduced to using verbal prompts.
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
Why imitation is so important and how can speech and language therapy help children who struggle to imitate?
Imitation or copying starts in early infancy. When we observe a young baby and his parent or familiar adult we can see clearly and frequently that the baby will be intently looking at adult’s face and try to copy their facial expressions, smiles and all those funny baby sounds we often make with young babies.
These sounds are called “motherese” and are the beginnings of a little conversation between the parent and the baby. The “conversation can go back and forth for a long time and include sounds, as well as facial expressions.
A little later on, once the baby can crawl and sit up unaided the copying then goes on to include toys and objects. Mum or Dad will show their toddler how to use a drum or how to put a little train on the wooden tracks and the toddler will try and copy this. They may not succeed and be a little clumsy perhaps but the act of copying anything and everything their favourite adult does is typically seen throughout the day.
We all know and have laughed at mums or dads saying; ssshhh don’t say that in front of the baby he/she will copy you, watch your mouth! (as dad is swearing at the broken radiator….)
This imitation goes on for years and includes eventually of course little words, more words, putting words together and then creating sentences, all the while our toddler is listening to how their adults speak, not only what they say but how they say it. This is how dialects and accents can be transmitted easily from parent /family to child.
Copying in Children with Autism
We know that children with autism often struggle to imitate. We see children on the spectrum typically having great difficulty to copy adults or children; this can be seen in very reduced play with their peers in nursery for example.
Children with autism tend to have reduced joint attention and engagement with others and need to develop the ability and awareness to copy others in order to then engage more jointly with others.
Speech and Language Therapy can help with Parent Child Interaction work and Coaching, here is how:
During my coaching work with parents I teach step by step how to help a child who struggles to imitate:
We look at all the researched skills and actions that adults can take to help their little one to copy, starting with close observation of their child’s interests, then following and including their child’s play and copying/imitating their child in how they play. I teach steps in a graduated way so that it is easy to see the progress and joyful to have the results at the end.
The results are clear to see over time: our children on the spectrum learn to imitate actions, with objects and gestures, then sounds and words. Alongside this increased imitation skill the child can then develop more joint attention and engagement.
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
I have been avoiding the use of the Empty Set approach for the longest time as I was not sure if it would work seeing that I am challenging two sounds my student struggles with at the same time. But I decided to give it a go and it works a treat!
With this approach, we use two sounds that our student is struggling with. For example, in my video this student cannot produce /sh/ and /r/. Both sounds have different rules, so I decided to contrast them with each other.
The rules of /sh/ are: no voice, air is pushed out through teeth, produced at the front.
The rules for /r/ are: use your voice, produce the sound in the middle of the mouth by shaping your tongue in a particular way.
So I chose the words ‘shoes’ and ‘ruse’ as their rules are quite different. Contrasting two sounds the student does not know has been shown to lead to greater change in the child’s articulation. And I can certainly vouch for this as my student is making the best progress with this approach.
Phonology Therapy – what is it, why and how?
Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language. It’s distinct from articulation therapy which focuses on the physical production of sounds.
Phonology therapy focuses on rules. For example, sounds that are produced at the front of the mouth, in contrast to sounds that are produced at the back of the mouth, or sounds that are produced with a long air stream: /s/ or /f/ versus short sounds like /p/ or /t/; sounds are produced with voice or without voice.
Many children, and sometimes adults, are unaware of some of the speech rules and confuse and replace individual sounds. They might say TAT instead of CAT or SIP instead of SHIP.
A quick overview of phonology approaches I use:
Minimal Pairs:
This approach is good for single sound substitutions. We offer word pairs that differ by only one sound, like ‘ship’ and ‘sip.’ One of our first goal in therapy is to highlight the difference between the target sound (e.g., /sh/) and the sound the child uses (e.g., /s/). This helps discriminate and eventually produce the correct sound.
Multiple Oppositions:
A child might replace lots of sounds with a single sound like a /d/. So instead of ‘four’, ‘chore’ and ‘store’ our child says ‘door’, making speech very unintelligible.
The approach is typically geared towards shaking up the phonological system. Our goal is to choose two to four targets that are different from each other, and different from the substituted sound. If our child’s favourite sound is /d/ they can use their voice and make a short sound by stopping their airflow. So I will choose a different target sound to change up the speech system. For example I might choose an /f/, a /m/ and a /k/ sound. So I would contrast: ‘door’ with ‘four’, ‘more’ and ‘core’.
Maximal Oppositions:
In the Maximal Oppositions approach the treatment sets consists of words that are minimally contrasted and that have maximal or near maximal feature differences between each word pair. One word in a pair represents a sound the child ‘knows’ (can say at word level) and the other represents a sound the child does not know (cannot say).
For example, a child may ‘know’ /m/ and be able to say words like ‘man’, ‘mat’ and ‘mine’. However, the same child may be unable to say /f/ as in ‘fan’, ‘fat’ and ‘fine’. The consonants /f/ and /m/ are maximally opposed as follows.
I am always delighted to work on speech sound disorders, I love the challenge and the successes we can celebrate together. Get in touch with me!
Sonja McGeachie
Early Intervention Speech and Language Therapist
Feeding and Dysphagia (Swallowing) Specialist The London Speech and Feeding Practice
The London Speech and Feeding Practice
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
Your Speech Therapist might have been advising you to introduce words to your child with the help of a CORE BOARD. What on earth is she talking about and why would we want to do this, I hear you think – and in fact this is what I get asked a lot, as I often do recommend using Core Boards.
Core boards belong to the category of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC ) and they can be really useful for:
Children or adults who cannot speak at all or who are very hard to understand.
Children who are slow to speak and have difficulty expressing themselves verbally, due to genetic conditions as Down Syndrome, Verbal dyspraxia, Autism or any other learning difficulty that means a child is slow to develop speech.
Here is what a Core board might look like, in fact this is one that I love to use. It is made by Beautiful Speech Life, there are a ton of similar boards out there for free. I have also made my own, you can check it out on my Instagram feed.
What is Core Vocabulary/ Core words?
Core vocabulary consists of the most common words used by children throughout a day. In 2003 Banajee and Dicarlo et al found that 50 % of pre-schoolers in their project used nine words consistently across their daily play and meal routines. These words are Core words and are typically the ones you can see on a board, like the one above.
How To Use It
Adults always first need to consistently model and show their child how to use a board. This is key! For example: Adult can point to “YOU” “WANT” ‘MORE” and then point to the cup of Water on the counter. Child could then reply either by shaking his/her head and/or pointing to “NOT” which also stands for “NO”. Then adult can point to “NOT” “MORE” and do an OK sign as well. Eventually Child can initiate a request and point to “I” “ WANT” “MORE” and then point to the cup on the counter.
This is not as cumbersome or limited as it first sounds or appears. Here’s why: As adult you can talk normally and, of course, many words you are using will not be on this board. But some will be, and you will be surprised how many you can find when you start using it. So you could say quite normally: Hey lovely (name of your child) would YOU LIKE some MORE water? The words in capital are on the board which you can point to as you speak normally. Basically, you are showing/saying to your child: “We can speak and these are the pictures we can use to help us; We call this TOTAL COMMUNICATION, as communication is so much more than just words! Great communication can be silent, where we use our facial expression, our smile, our eyes, our hand gestures, body movements and yes, of course, words. But when words fail us, these boards are so helpful.
This still does not answer your original question of: why would I want to do this, I want my child to talk!? You are a SPEECH Therapist, please help my child TALK, not point to pictures, that is not what I had in mind.
Let Me Explain
When speech is difficult for a child it doesn’t mean that there is nothing to talk about! Of course, we want all our children and all people to speak because it is the easiest and most effective way of communicating, no doubt! However, sometimes this is very hard for some children and whilst we are always working towards speech where possible, we also want to make sure that whilst figuring out how to speak, your child has a MEANS TO COMMUNICATE. Using a board like this might well be a temporary strategy but whilst you are using it and working on their speech you will find a reduction in tantrums and frustration as you child is able to express themselves more effectively.
Often we find that as soon as we offer a CORE VOCABULARY like the above sample a child who has had no or very few words suddenly blossoms and starts to point to new words on the board and starts to PRACTICE USING THESE WORDS!! Practice makes perfect, right? Yes it totally does! There is lots of evidence that tells us that using Core Vocabulary Boards ENHANCE AND SUPPORT SPEECH PRODUCTION AND NOT HINDER IT. Using a board like this will only ever be helpful to your child and will never make your child “lazy” – too lazy to speak? NO SUCH THING!
Here is what one of my parents says about the core board we use with her little boy:
“the board has been a game changer, my son is a visual learner so it really helps to have the board as he associates communication so much easier this way. We have incorporated his twin sister who models it’s use and have definitely seen improvement in speech through its support and his frustration around being unable to verbally communicate at times has definitely lessened”
K Connolly, Mother of Tom (aged 3.5 years).
Reading and hearing this makes me so happy!
In addition to general core board above I also sometimes use a Core Board that is specific to an activity, such as for example BLOWING BUBBLES. Below is an example of such a board, which you can use very nicely during a bubble blowing activity and sometimes it is a nice place to start for newcomers, this can be an easy introduction. You can download this and many similar boards on www.widgit.com for free!
There is so much more to say about AAC and using Coreboards, visit my Instagram you can find a bit more information on how I use them.
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
If you’ve found yourself wondering ‘Why can my child say a word one day, but not at all the next?’ it might be that your child has a motor speech difficulty. This means the challenge isn’t that your child doesn’t know what they want to say; it’s that their brain finds it harder to plan and coordinate the movements needed for clear speech. This speech difficulty is called Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
In this post, I’ll explain what CAS can look like in 2–5 year olds, what an assessment usually involves, and what you can start doing at home to support your child without turning life into ‘speech homework all day long’.
What is childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)?
Children with CAS often have lots to communicate about (and strong ideas!) but their speech may come out as:
Unclear
inconsistent
hard to ‘copy’ on demand
frustrating for them and for you
CAS is not caused by laziness and it is not a parenting issue. It is also not something children simply ‘grow out of’ without support. But with the right therapy approach, children can absolutely build clearer speech over time.
Many families come to me after months (or years) of being told:
‘She’ll talk when she is ready’
‘He’s just shy’
‘It’s probably a speech delay’
‘It’s normal for toddlers’
And sometimes it is a general delay. But sometimes it’s something more specific, like CAS.
There’s also been a huge rise in parents seeking information online, and CAS is often mentioned alongside speech sound difficulties such as:
phonological delay (pattern-based speech errors)
articulation difficulties (one sound that won’t come out clearly)
inconsistent speech disorder
These can look similar at first glance, which is why a specialist assessment matters.
Signs of childhood apraxia of speech in 2–5 year olds
Children develop speech at different rates, and not every unclear speaker has CAS. But here are some common features that may raise a flag, especially when you notice several together.
1) Inconsistent speech errors
Your child might say the same word in different ways:
‘banana’ → nana / baba / mana
‘daddy’ → gaga / daddy / dadi
This inconsistency is one of the biggest clues.
2) Difficulty copying words on request
Some children speak more easily in natural play, but when asked ‘Say ___’, they freeze or the word becomes much harder.
3) Limited sound repertoire
They may use only a small set of consonants (like /M/, /N/, /B/, /D/) and avoid others.
4) Vowel distortions
Many children with typical delays mainly struggle with consonants. But in CAS, vowels can also sound ‘off’ or change between attempts.
5) Speech that sounds effortful
You might notice your child:
pauses between sounds
tries multiple times
looks like they’re ‘searching’ for the right mouth movement
6) Longer words are much harder
‘Car’ might be easier than ‘carry’, and ‘carry’ easier than ‘caterpillar’.
7) Prosody differences (rhythm and stress)
Some children with CAS sound a little unusual in their speech rhythm, stress, or intonation.
8) Frustration or reduced confidence
When a child is frequently misunderstood, they may:
talk less
use gestures more
become upset when asked to repeat themselves
Important note: none of these signs alone prove CAS but they are a strong reason to seek a speech assessment rather than waiting.
CAS vs phonological delay vs articulation difficulty (quick guide)
These are some of the most common questions I hear.
If it’s mainly an articulation difficulty…
A child may consistently say one sound incorrectly (for example, ‘thun’ for ‘sun’- lisp- but everything else is developing well.
If it’s mainly a phonological delay…
You might notice clear patterns, like:
leaving off the ends of words (‘ca’ for ‘cat’)
swapping back sounds for front sounds (‘tar’ for ‘car’)
Patterns are often consistent and respond well to phonology-based therapy.
If it might be CAS…
Speech often feels less predictable, harder to imitate, and more impacted by word length and complexity.
If you’re unsure, that’s completely normal, and exactly why assessment matters.
What happens in a CAS assessment?
A high-quality speech assessment for possible CAS usually includes:
1) Parent discussion and developmental history
We talk about:
pregnancy and birth history (where relevant)
feeding history
early sounds and babbling
first words and how speech has progressed
family history of speech/language needs
2) A speech sound assessment
Your child might be shown pictures or play-based prompts so we can hear:
what sounds they can say
what they simplify
whether errors are consistent or inconsistent
3) An oral-motor and movement check
This isn’t about ‘strength’. It’s about coordination and planning. We look at how your child manages speech movements and transitions.
4) Stimulability testing
This means: how easily can your child learn a new sound or word with support?
For CAS, we often explore how they respond to:
slowed-down speech
visual cues
rhythm/tapping
short, simple syllable shapes
5) Functional communication and confidence
We look at how speech impacts daily life:
being understood at nursery
joining in with peers
asking for help
managing emotions when misunderstood
At the end, you should leave with:
a clear explanation of what we think is going on
a therapy plan
practical home strategies
realistic next steps
What parents can do at home
Here are CAS-friendly strategies you can start right away.
1) Choose ‘power words’
Pick 1–2 words that matter most in your child’s daily life, such as:
more
help
mummy
again
stop
open
These words are motivating and functional.
2) Keep it short and successful
For many children with CAS, the goal is quality over quantity.
Try five minutes a day rather than 30 minutes of struggle.
3) Support speech with rhythm
Some children benefit from:
tapping a beat on the table
clapping syllables
using a gentle ‘marching’ rhythm
This can help the brain organise the sequence of movements.
4) Celebrate approximations
If your child says ‘moh’ for ‘more’, that’s communication!
We want them to feel:
safe
understood
proud to try again
Confidence is a key part of progress.
A short parent story (anonymised)
One mum said to me:
‘We kept being told to wait. But I could see my child understood everything; they just couldn’t get the words out. Once we had an assessment and a plan, it felt like we finally knew what to do. The biggest change was his confidence. He started trying more.’
When should you seek support?
You don’t need to wait until school.
It’s worth getting an assessment if your child is:
hard to understand compared with peers
becoming frustrated or withdrawing from talking
inconsistent with words they used to say
struggling to imitate speech sounds
showing signs that match CAS
Early support can reduce stress for the whole family and help your child feel successful in communication.
Here’s how I can help:
✅ A detailed speech assessment (including whether CAS is likely)
✅ A clear therapy plan with realistic goals
✅ Practical home strategies you can use immediately
✅ Support for nurseries and schools (where needed)
✅ In-person sessions in North-West London and online options
Your child is communicating the best way they can, and with the right support, speech can become easier, clearer, and more confident.
Sonja McGeachie
Highly Specialist Speech and Language Therapist
Owner of The London Speech and Feeding Practice.
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
We are all aware that Autism is on a spectrum. By the very nature of this, it means that every child will present differently, so an individualised approach is required. We need to remember to use a child’s strengths to support their needs. By using a person-centred approach, you’ll see your child’s literacy develop and thrive.
I hear many parents concerns about literacy as well as communication. Will they be able to read, write and spell? How will they manage their literacy independently? The questions are endless, so let’s look at how you can support your child’s literacy skills and how together we can provide a scaffold to them becoming independent learners.
The one thing we know is that Autistic children are visual learners. They succeed by us sharing pictures and demonstrating how the narrative is shown.
Start reading to your child at an early age. You can never start too early. This creates a love for books and supports vital pre-literacy skills (such as increasing vocabulary, following narratives, awareness of sounds in words, and letter recognition and awareness). By supporting pre-literacy skills, you’re starting the process to create confident young readers.
There are many ways to use books. You can narrate the story using different voices and tones to increase interest. You can do this even if your child isn’t interested. They are still listening and learning vital skills. You may even ask and answer questions and voice the skills that they will need for internal monitoring.
Use their interests to select appropriate reading material. In addition, you can then create questions on the book and provide a scaffold to support your child with the answer.
Use technology to spark their interest in reading. Demonstrate how they can read online. This is often successful as it becomes an individual activity as opposed to needing social interaction.
Provide them with a choice of texts (e.g., would you like ‘Perfectly Norman or when things get too loud’) rather than an open-ended question such as ‘What book would you like to read?’
Write key pieces of information down on paper. Research suggests that Autistic learners understand written text better than speech.
You could have a ‘word of the day’ from chosen reading material that you explore together.
Reading aloud to your child can have many benefits which include understanding vocabulary to how the book is read, with appropriate intonation.
I highly recommend the boom decks as they are a great resource!
The ethos at London Speech and Feeding:
“If they can’t learn in the way we teach, then we teach the way they learn”
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
The start of a new year often brings fresh hope, and sometimes fresh worries, for parents supporting their child’s communication. I am always genuinely excited to begin a new journey with children and their families, and I know that, for many parents, this kind of therapy may look very different from what they were expecting.
Parents (and children!) are often surprised to discover that our sessions are playful, joyful, and intentionally low-pressure. You won’t see demands for eye contact, sitting still, or being told to ‘do it this way’ or ‘put the red square there’. Instead, you’ll see your child being met exactly where they are.
For families who have previously experienced more adult-led or behaviour-based approaches including Applied Behaviour Therapy, this difference can feel unfamiliar at first. Because of that, I want to take a moment to prepare you for what child-led, neurodiversity-affirming therapy looks like, so you can feel confident, comfortable, and reassured from day one.
Why doesn’t child-led therapy look like ‘traditional’ therapy?
Many people picture speech and language therapy as sitting at a table, using flashcards, or practising words through repetition. While those approaches can work well for some children, they are often not effective or appropriate for many neurodivergent children—including children with autistic profiles, ADHD, or demand-sensitive nervous systems.
Our approach is grounded in a simple and powerful truth:
Children learn best when they feel safe, motivated, and emotionally connected.
When a child’s nervous system feels calm and secure, learning becomes possible. When a child feels pressured or controlled, communication often shuts down, even if they can speak.
🎯 Our purpose: Communication through connection
Our goal is not simply to help your child say more words. Our goals go deeper and are built on strong foundations:
Trust and regulation: We focus on building a trusting relationship where your child feels safe, understood, and emotionally regulated. A calm nervous system is the starting point for all communication.
Motivation: We follow your child’s intrinsic motivation, the things they naturally enjoy to make communication meaningful, joyful, and purposeful.
Spontaneous communication: We create opportunities for your child to communicate because they want to, not because they are asked or instructed to.
🧸 What to expect in a session
Our sessions are intentionally child-led and often look very much like play.
Feature
What it looks like
Why we do this
Minimal toys
We usually offer just 3–4 carefully chosen activities (such as bubbles, blocks, or sensory play).
Less is more. Fewer choices reduce overwhelm and help children focus on what genuinely interests them.
Child chooses
Your child decides what to play with and how to engage.
This immediately establishes us as a safe, non-demanding partner and increases motivation.
The therapist’s role
We join your child’s play, observing closely and responding naturally.
We model language, share attention, and reflect your child’s experiences in a way that feels natural and supportive.
No pressure or demands
There are no ‘must-do’ tasks. If your child wants to spin, crash, line up toys, or repeat an activity, we follow.
Reducing demands lowers anxiety and supports communication, particularly for children with demand-sensitive profiles.
Is this really effective?
It’s completely natural to wonder, ‘Are they just playing?’ The answer is yes, and very intentionally so.
Our sessions are guided by nearly 30 years of speech and language therapy experience, alongside clear, achievable goals tailored to each individual child. Play is a child’s natural language and their most powerful learning tool.
Within play, we are constantly creating opportunities to:
Build joint attention (sharing focus and interest)
Model language at the right level
Encourage back-and-forth communication
Develop a deep, authentic connection
If your child has struggled to engage or communicate in more structured or demand-heavy settings, this child-led approach is often the key to unlocking their potential.
💛 What this might look like at home
You may notice that when pressure is reduced:
Your child begins communicating more during everyday routines
Language emerges through play, movement, or shared enjoyment
Communication feels more natural and less forced
Small moments could be a shared smile, a look, a sound, a gesture. All matter. These are the building blocks of meaningful communication.
📚 Resources for parents
If you’d like to explore these ideas further, you may find the following helpful:
Further reading: Searching ‘Neurodiversity-affirming speech therapy’ or ‘Child-led therapy’
I look forward to meeting you and your child. Please bring any questions, uncertainties, or curiosities to our first session, there is no such thing as a silly question. This is a journey we take together. Contact me via my contact form.
Sonja McGeachie
Highly Specialist Speech and Language Therapist
Owner of The London Speech and Feeding Practice.
Find a speech and language therapist for your child in London. Are you concerned about your child’s speech, feeding or communication skills and don’t know where to turn? Please contact me and we can discuss how I can help you or visit my services page.
